Emphysema is a disease of the lungs and airways that typically occurs after a long period of attack (usually from smoke, fumes, or other irritants). Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of this condition; however, long-term exposure to fumes and dust can also cause it. Common symptoms of emphysema include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment options vary, but typically include medications, oxygen therapy, or surgery. The most important part of any treatment plan, however, is to stop smoking.