Emphysema is a disease that usually develops after a long period of attack on the lungs and airways, usually from smoke and fumes. Although cigarette smoking is the primary cause of the condition, air pollution and other toxins may also be contributing factors. Common symptoms of emphysema may include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chronic mucus production. While there are various treatment options available, including medications, oxygen therapy, and surgery, the most important part of treatment is to stop smoking.