Emphysema -- a disease that occurs as a result of long-term exposure to smoke or air pollutants -- can damage the lungs to such an extent that a person can have trouble breathing. In fact, shortness of breath is one of the most common symptoms. Wheezing and coughing are also common. Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of emphysema; therefore, the most important part of treatment is to stop smoking. Other treatment options include medications, oxygen therapy, or, in extreme cases, surgery.